IOP data show that it peaks at 5 hours and returns to normal level within 7 days in the laser group. The suture group is divided into 3 subgroups depending on the level of the immediate IOP spike (acute > 55 mmHg or chronic < 55 mmHg) and time period of monitoring (7 or 28 days). In this study, we compare the intraocular pressure (IOP) and inner retinal changes induced by 1) laser photocoagulation of both episcleral veins and limbal vessels and 2) circumlimbal suture in CD-1 mice. Both acute transient models and chronic models of ocular hypertension may be useful to investigate specific aspects of neurodegeneration. Thus, models designed to predict plasticity in animal behavior may be successfully applied to understand behavior in other organisms, including plants.Īnimal models of ocular hypertension are important tools for glaucoma studies.

Just like in animals, sensitive plant antipredator behavior is condition dependent, and, just like in animals, a substantial amount of the remaining variation is explained by individual differences between plants. This suggests that overall condition best explains variation in sensitive plant antipredator behavior. But when only half a plant was deprived of light, hiding times on the deprived half and light exposed half were not significantly different. When deprived of light for 6 h, sensitive plants significantly shortened their hiding times. We therefore manipulated sunlight availability and quantified hiding time. We hypothesized that variation in plant condition might explain this change. Finally, on a longer time scale, individuality persisted but the amount of variation attributed to individual decreased. We then showed that the effect of individual explained substantial variation in hiding time on a short time scale. We studied hiding time in sensitive plants and found that individual plants differed significantly in their hiding times. The time they remain closed is defined as hiding time. Inducible defenses in plants are an antipredator behavior that acts on a longer time scale, but sensitive plants, Mimosa pudica, have a much more rapid antipredator response they temporarily close their leaves when touched. The decisions animals make to adjust their antipredator behavior to rapidly changing conditions have been well studied. Fourth, our lenses are disposable, designed for single day use, and manufactured at a low cost. Third, the lenses allow the patient to passively control the amount of timolol released from the lens-for example, early morning exposure to outdoor sunlight would release enough timolol to maximally reduce the IOP, whereas subsequent periodic exposures to indoor daylight would release sufficient timolol to overcome the effects of its spontaneous dissociation from βARs. Second, the contact lenses inhibit βARs in the eye using only 5.7% of the timolol within a single eye-drop. First, fitted contact lenses exposed to natural daylight release sufficient timolol to sustain the inhibition of βARs over a 10 h period.

Our studies highlight several advantages of daylight-mediated release of timolol from lenses compared to eye-drops. Studies conducted in a preclinical mouse model of glaucoma show photoreleased timolol is effective as authentic timolol in reducing IOP. Timolol is coupled to the polymer of the contact lens via a photocleavable caged cross-linker and is released exclusively to the surrounding fluid after the 400-430 nm mediated cleavage of the cross-linking group. Here, we introduce contact lenses that release timolol to the eye throughout the day during passive exposures to natural daylight at a more therapeutically relevant concentration (>3000 k i). This high dose is wasteful and triggers off-target effects that increase medication noncompliance. Timolol is administered using 0.5% eye-drop solutions at >3 × 10 7 times the inhibitory concentration ( k i) for βARs. Timolol, a potent inhibitor of β-adrenergic receptors (βARs), is a first-line drug for decreasing the intraocular pressure (IOP) of patients with glaucoma.

Timolol pupil constriction